Lighthouses

Hi Puzzlers,

Recently while channel surfing I caught the tail end of a television program on lighthouses. Just a quick glimpse of one of these majestic beauties got me to stop clicking and lay down the remote, something that rarely happens! Usually I can’t find anything to watch and I have 799 channels to choose from. This leaves me endlessly roaming, channel to channel, in a zombie like state before frustration sets in and I turn off the television. But not this time, I was completely mesmerized! Childlike curiosity took over my brain and I began diligently researching the history of lighthouses on my computer. Here is a quick review of what I found.

A lighthouse has two primary functions. First they give sailors a fixed point of reference to help them navigate day and night when offshore hazards cannot be seen. Secondly, they guide ships into harbors or anchorages. Today lighthouses also serve as symbolic monuments of civilizations efforts to reduce the hazards of seafaring. Just one look at these magnificent structures makes me stop and admire them with all their grandeur. How about you?

The first recorded lighthouse was built in 290 B.C. on the island of Pharos, by the Roman Empire. Records indicate the lighthouse used fire at night and a sun-reflecting mirror during the day to protect and guide ships around the Mediterranean. The Pharos lighthouse measured approximately 384 feet tall and stood for about 1,500 years, before succumbing to a series of earthquakes in 1326 A.D. Prior to the 1600’s lighthouses were referred to as Pharos.

America’s first official lighthouse is the Boston Light. It was built on Little Brewster Island in Boston Harbor in 1715. Prior to its construction colonist used small fires on hilltops or placed lanterns in the windows of houses overlooking harbors. The Boston Light was the first site to use a foghorn. The foghorn was a great-gun cannon, which was installed in 1719. It would be fired to warn sailors of pending dangers when visibility was low. In 1776 the original lighthouse was destroyed by the British, however, it was rebuilt in 1783 and is still operational today. “Although the Boston Light is considered the nation’s oldest lighthouse, the tower itself is only the second oldest. The oldest tower in the United States is the Sandy Hook Light at the entrance to New York Harbor, built in 1764.”

In the early years most lighthouses were lit by wood fires which required enormous amounts of wood. Coal became popular for burning during the early 1500s; it burned brighter and slower than wood, but required more attention to keep it burning bright. Candles and reflectors were also popular during this time as they produced a steadier flame and less soot and ash.
The next step in improving the visibility of lights was the oil burning lamps. These lamps used several flat, solid and round wicks. Also available was the Spider Lamp. It had a single oil reserve and used multiple wicks. A Frenchman named Ami Argand invented a lamp that used a hollow, circular wick in 1781. It allowed air to flow in on both sides of the wick, which enhanced the brightness of the flame. A large (18- to 20-inch) parabolic reflector was commonly attached to the center of this lamp to increase the lamps visibility.

In 1822, the Fresnel lens was created by Augustin Fresnel. This much thinner lens captured and focused larger fractions of light then did the reflectors, resulting in a brighter light that could be seen for longer distances. One Frensel lens could do the work of thirty Argand lamps.
The electrification of lighthouses began in the 1920s and 1930s. Once a lighthouse was electrified it could be equipped with a timer switch. Because electricity burns cleaner than oil it also eliminated the need for daily lens cleaning and maintenance. This made the need for light-keepers obsolete.

The lighthouse story does not end here. On our next post we will learn how lighthouses gave the National Guard its start.

Happy Puzzling!

Cats

Hi Puzzlers,

This week we pay tribute to the cat. More than 100 million American homes have a cat, making them the most popular pet in the United States. WOW! What a surprise! I thought dogs would have come in first, being mans’ “best friend” and all. Interestingly, these independent creatures have only been domesticated for the last 4000 years, but their lineage has been on the planet for 50 million years.

Miacis were small “weasel- like” animals that roamed the earth 50 million years ago. Bears, dogs, cats, raccoons and many other mammals are thought to be descendants of this prehistoric cat-like creature.

Evidence suggests African wildcats were being domesticated as early as 3500 B.C., by the Egyptians. Quickly these cats became highly valued for their ability to hunt and kill undesirable rodents like mice, snakes and rats. By 1500 B.C. cats were considered sacred by the Egyptians and anyone who killed a cat would be put to death. Cats were so idolized that in times of catastrophe they would be rescued before humans. “The cat goddess Bastet (also known as Bast or Pasht) became one of the most revered figures of worship. She had the body of a woman and the head of a cat.”

During the Middle Ages wide spread hysteria of devil worshipping witches and warlocks filled the streets of Europe. Cats were now seen as harbingers of evil, who possessed the power of black magic. They were thought to be witches in disguise. For this reason hundreds of thousands of cats were killed. Black cats were hunted close to extinction.

Genocide of this scale would eventually upset the natural balance of the rodent population, thus, greatly contributing to the spread of the “Black Plague” which was spread to people by flea infested rats. One-fourth of the European population died from this disease. Quickly Europeans realized the cats’ importance in controlling the rodent population and they eventually regained their popularity.

Cats are no longer revered as Gods or feared as demons. They have found a comfortable spot right in the middle as America’s most popular pet!

Happy Puzzling!

Rock 'n' Roll

Hi Puzzlers,

Today’s topic to ponder is Rock ‘n’ Roll. People across the globe have been listening to this music, in one form or another, for decades. Just hearing a few notes from one of your favorite songs can transport you back in time. Let’s take a look at some of the inventions that made it all possible.

Interestingly enough it has been stated that Rock ‘n’ Roll got its start when Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877. This makes sense, how would people have been able to play records and recordings otherwise. The creation of the phonograph paved for the way for the next major Rock ‘n’ Roll device, the juke box. It was created by the Chicago Automatic Machine & Tool Company in 1915.

Well that clears up the juke box mystery, but what about the term Rock ‘n’Roll? Have you ever wondered where that came from? The answer really surprised me! Note, reader discretion advised, some may find the following offensive. Now you are really curious aren’t you?

The term "rock" and "roll" originated from a black slang for sexual intercourse! Too funny! In 1922, Trixie Smith recorded "My Baby Rocks Me With One Steady Roll". This marked the first appearance of the phrased on a recording, and as they say the rest is history. I guess that also gives us a better understanding as to why some parents were so against this music.

The next great musical recording device was the 78 rpm record which was introduced in 1929. Seventy-Eight’s as they were called would play for four to five minutes per side on a 12 inch disc and three to five on a 10inch. The artist would sing into a horn and the power of their vibrating voice would cut the wax on a master disc. The sound was ultra acoustic.

In 1931 the electric guitar was invented by Adolph Rickenbacker and George Beauchamp. “It was a lap-steel guitar with an electromagnetic pickup in which a current passed through a coil of wire wrapped around a magnet. This created a field that amplified the strings' vibrations.”

Echo-delay, multi-track recording and many other techniques that expand recording possibilities are invented in 1945 by Les Paul. In 1948 Columbia Records introduces the vinyl 12-inch 33-1/3 rpm album. RCA Victor quickly follows suit with the introduction of the 45 rpm Record. The 45 rpm was easier to produce, smaller and cheaper than the fragile 78's. RCA Victor also created a small inexpensive record player to accommodate the new records size and speed.

While all these inventions were being developed, so too, was the sound that would be known as Rhythm and Blues. R & B changed rapidly in the formative years and thus giving birth to a new sound called Rock ‘n’Roll.

I can’t imagine a world without music and I am so happy that the inventions keep making it better and more portable.

Happy Puzzling!

Blue Plate Special

Hi Puzzlers,

Don’t you love lunch room conversations? The topics can range from mild to wild and leave you laughing so hard you’ve fallen on the floor! But every once in a while one conversation will start out funny then turn serious and it stirs your curiosity. This happened to me recently. It was the Blue Plate Special. Okay stop laughing! Think about it! A blue plate special? Funny yes, but most have heard of the term and know what it stands for. But where did it start and why blue? Ah, now you are curious too aren’t you?

The tale of the blue plate special begins in the late 19th century as mobile food wagons began swarming U.S. cities. These wagons were the first fast-food restaurants and because they were set up much like a train’s dining car they quickly became known as diners.

During the Depression the original blue plates were manufactured. These disposable plates were sectioned into three quarters-one for meat, one for vegetables and one for a starch. The interesting fact about these sectioned plates is they were only available in BLUE! Because the plates were disposable, which saved on dishwashing, many diners would use them to promote daily specials. Hence the “Blue Plate Special”.

A common blue plate policy was "No Substitutions". This policy became a featured topic and spoof on several radio and television programs. “Our Man in Havana (1958) by Graham Greene has the following exchange regarding an "American blue-plate lunch": "Surely you know what a blue-plate is, man? They shove the whole meal at you under your nose, already dished up on your plate -roast turkey, cranberry sauce, sausages and carrots and French fried. I can't bear French fried but there's no pick and choose with a blue plate." "No pick and choose?" "You eat what you're given. That's democracy, man."

But wait; there is more on blue plates. Our lunch room blue plate special conversations veered off course when Matt mentioned the use of a blue plate as an appetite suppressant! That’s when I hit the floor laughing! It turns out he was right! Yes, Matt, I said you were right! The color blue reduces appetite because it stimulates beta waves which have a calming effect on the body, thus making you feel full and satisfied. This coupled with our primal nature to avoid foods that are poisonous makes eating anything blue, purple or black difficult. These colors do not activate our automatic appetite response. Weight loss plans suggest putting your food on a blue plate and a blue light in your refrigerator.

Curiosity does a body good! Here is to the blue plate special and its appetite suppressing ways!

Happy Puzzling!

Vermont

Hi Puzzlers,

Over the holidays I noticed a trend. I had either given or received a gift that came from Vermont. Now, how cool is that? I live in New England and absolutely love that state! Have you ever been to the Vermont? If you haven’t and are planning a trip to New England I would highly recommend visiting this gorgeous place. In addition to all its natural beauty, it is the second least populated state in the union. Ah let’s see, beautiful location, check; getting away from it all; check, getting away from people; check. Oh, come on, you know sometimes you just want to get away from all the hustle and bustle of a big city and go to a place that is less hectic and more relaxed. Vermont is this place!

Vermont’s first inhabitants were the Abenaki and Iroquios Indians. During colonial times Vermont was governed by France. Many believe it is the French who gave Vermont its name. The French would say les Verts Monts, which means "the Green Mountains ". After the French and Indian war of 1763Great Britain took over control, but the state remained plagued by territorial disputes with New Hampshire and New York. During this time Vermont was called the New Hampshire Grants, but thanks to the Green Mountain Boys militia, the independent sovereign state of the Vermont Republic was founded in 1777. While independent, Vermont abolished slavery, and in 1791 joined the United States, it was the 14th state to do so.

Did you know that Vermont is the leading producer of maple syrup in the United States and it was the first state to establish a mandatory maple law? This law established purity and quality regulations. Vermont maple syrup100% pure & natural! Yum! Also, be sure to visit a sugar house so you can see for yourself how maple syrup is made and so you can pick up a few tasty treats.

Ah…what could be cozier then relaxing in front of a blazing fire in your flannel pajamas? That brings me to my next great Vermont product, flannel. I came across Vermont Flannel at the Big E in Springfield, Massachusetts. They have an outstanding product! High quality flannels made here in the USA! My daughter loves them so much she makes me promise to wash and dry them immediately so she continue to live in them! Note, buy several extra pairs to avoid this dilemma!
So, flannel and maple syrup aren’t your thing? How about the cheese? Not just any cheese, award winning Cabot Cheese. When they say the “World’s Best Cheddar”, that is no exaggeration! This wonderful creamery is a farm cooperative locate in Cabot, hence the name, Vermont. When you go, take the cheese tour. I happened across my first tour while camping in the 80’s. Let’s just say it wasn’t my first choice of “cool” things to do, but, once the tour got going I was hooked. Yup! I’m a Vermont cheese head! Relaxing in my flannels, shkoffing down pancakes with tons of maple syrup, far away from all the hustle and bustle of the city!

Happy Puzzling!

2012 Year Of The Dragon

Hi Puzzlers,

The New Year is right around the corner! 2012 is the year of the Dragon. The Chinese dedicate each year to a specific animal. The group of twelve animals includes the Dragon, Horse, Monkey, Rat, Boar, Rabbit, Dog, Rooster, Ox, Tiger, Snake, and Ram. It is thought that each animal bestows certain characteristics onto people born in their year. The dragon year officially begins, according to the Chinese calendar, on January 23rd. The 2012 dragon will be a Black Dragon or Male Water Dragon.

The experts use a system called the Stem-Branch System to determine the years attributes. This system/calendar counts the days, months and years and works in conjunction with the Five Element theory. The five elements are wood, fire, earth, metal and water. Each element has a color associated with it and a male or female energy. The system is a tad bit complicated but very interesting.

Water is said to have a calming influence on the Dragon’s fiery nature. Therefore Water Dragons are more receptive and open to other people’s opinions. This means that even the most powerful will listen to others, and will try to see from their point of view, thus forging better alliances and decision making.

A Dragon year is a year marked by intensity, unpredictability, excitement and exhilaration. People respond to the Dragon spirit with vitality, energy and unbridled enthusiasm. But one must use prudence and resist the urge to throw all caution to the wind and take an unnecessary risk - or, this urge may have you starring in your own real life drama.

Those born under the Dragon sign are passionate, brave, self-assured, innovative, enterprising, conceited, and quick-tempered. Dragons are generous and blessed with good fortune. They are smart, and have a wonderful sense of humor. Dragons are free spirits, restrictions quell their creative spark. So, they must be free and uninhibited. Dragons are extroverted bundles of energy, colorful, flamboyant gifted and irrepressible - everything a Dragon does is on a grand scale. Remember, this behavior is natural and not meant for show. You can always count on a dragon for help. Dragons can be solitary people at heart. Their self-sufficiency can mean that they have no need for close bonds with other people.

Famous Dragon People include: Calista Flockhart, Colin Farrell, Courtney Cox, Courtney Love, Dinah Shore, Isabella Rossellini, Julia Ormond, Juliette Binoche, Reese Witherspoon, Roseanne Barr, Sandra Bullock, and Wynonna Judd.

Happy New Year and Happy Puzzling!

Presents for Your Stress FREE Holiday

Hi Puzzlers,

Christmas is only four days away! Yikers!!! If you are like me you’ll be stressed out right to the last minute. So dear puzzlers, I’m giving you the best holiday presents ever; quick tips to reduce stress. I’m not talking about taking a nice long bubble bath or a half hour yoga class. No siree! I am giving you real quick tips. Stuff that will get you relaxed before you walk into the house or holiday party. Tips that get you primed to enjoy all the festivities.

Present #1: The gift of breath. When people get stressed they tend to take short shallow breaths. When you take a long conscious breath it tells your brain you want to relax and unwind. You begin this technique by taking a long slow breath from the belly, not the chest and then exhale just as slowly. Repeat this for a few minutes and you will feel more relaxed.

Present #2: The gift of massage. As we all know when we get stressed we tense our muscles, this includes the muscles on our head. So, a few minutes before you head off to the office party give yourself a mini scalp message. If you don’t want to mess up your hair run a pencil/pen through your hair slowly and feel the stress slowly evaporating away.

Present #3: The gift of progressive muscle relaxation. This great technique can be utilized anywhere. The process begins by tensing, then relaxing your entire body. (Try to keep your mind completely focused on the tensing and relaxing while you do this). Next, tense and relax only the top of your head. Continue tensing and relaxing (one at a time) the neck, shoulders, arms, hips, legs and feet. I taught my teen-aged daughter this technique when she was young and she still uses it and teaches it to her friends.

Present #4: The gift of scent. Aromatherapy has been used for centuries to induce relaxation and no scent is more relaxing than lavender. Keep dried lavender in a sachet in your car, desk draw, and purse, anywhere. Then when you need to feel relaxed take it out and let the sniffing begin. Dried lavender not your style? Why not try dabbing a little lavender oil on your wrist and take a whiff every now and then. This wonder scent is very affordable and can be found in many forms. Just chose which is best for you.

Happy Holidays!

A Christmas Poem

Hi Puzzlers,

Today we have a very special treat for you, a Christmas poem by King Kramer. It was composed by Alicia, one of his favorite elves. Enjoy!

By Kramer, with apologies to Clement Moore

It’s a White Mountain Christmas
And all through the warehouse
Felines are stirring
But not that old mouse.

My friends have gathered
From all over the East
For our yearly celebration
Of a roasted mouse feast.

Packages have been flying
Out of the door,
Bound for Christmas gifts
From shore to shore.

People will “ooh” and people will “ah”
When they open a puzzle sent from Grandpa.
Is it Divas, or Cheers, or perhaps Candy Wrappers?
Or Lewis & Clark, those historic mappers?

The White Mountain crew
Have worked hard for the cause,
While I’ve lounged around,
Grooming my paws.

Now the warehouse is quiet,
Except for MY crew –
Lew Johnson’s cats, Patterson’s too,
All gathered round for a big whoop-de-do.

We'll have Bar-B-Que, Fair Foods,
Maybe Spring Chicken,
Catfish with Olio --
That's so finger-lickin'

Washed down with Tea Time
A little Wine Country, too.
And when Comedy arrives
This will be a real zoo.

But I'm taking a moment
To thank one and all
Of our puzzling friends --
Who have decked our halls.

I heard FedEx exclaim
As they drove out of sight
Merry Christmas to All
And to all good night.

Happy Puzzling!

Eco-Friendly Present Wrapping Ideas

Hi Puzzlers,

I’m still on my wrapping paper jig. If your living room floor looks anything like mine at Christmas time it will be filled with crumpled paper and bows. According to the EPA the 25 percent hike in curbside trash between Thanksgiving and Christmas comes from wrapping paper! Yikes!!! And burning the paper in the fireplace is even worse as many foils and inks contain chemicals that are toxic when burned. Fear not! Listed below are several eco-friendly ideas.

Traditional Eco-Wraps: Use your old newspapers, magazine pages, wall paper (peel it off your wall if you have to) and greeting cards. Or try children’s drawings, coloring book pages or subway and topographical maps. Just layer them to add a creative textured look that doesn’t say cheap!

Give me shine: Why not use recycled aluminum foil or an empty potato-chip bag to dress up your gifts. Just take a peek inside a potato-chip bag; it is shiny white or silver inside! All you have to do is cut the edges with scissors then wash it with soap and water, and let it air dry. Next wrap the present and add some colorful twine or ribbon. Instant eco-bling!!!

It is not just a box: This is one of my favorites, just use a lovely container. Give that gardener in your family a bucket or watering can filled with gardening supplies. The next Iron Chef would love a mixing bowl or stockpot filled with their favorite spices and cookbooks. The container options are endless and they are part of the gift! It is a win-win in my book.

That’s a wrap: Why not try the ancient Japanese art of gift wrapping called furoshiki. Furoshiki uses scarves, towels, fabric scraps, blankets, any cloth will work. The cloth is then folded and tied to beautifully conceal the present. Click here for a few furoshiki tying techniques. The Hon-Tsutsumi will work great for wrapping two puzzles.

And that’s a wrap!

Happy Puzzling!

Wrapping Paper A Holiday Must

Hi Puzzlers,

Let the countdown begin! There are 25 days left till Christmas! Or, it might be 24 days if you celebrate the big day on Christmas Eve. In any case, how many of you have thought about wrapping your presents? Have you already purchased your paper or thought of a way to, “hide”…oh...I mean, showcase your present? It may seem like a trivial item, but, wrapping paper may be the most important thing you buy for the holiday season. Has wrapping paper ever saved you?

It is a sad, but true fact, that at some point during your lifetime you will need to purchase a present at the last minute. You know the present; the one you hoped would stay wrapped until you left. It is that last second present you had to buy for Aunt Ethel who just decide to join you for tonight’s Christmas gathering. Yeah, it’s starting to come back to you isn’t it. You remember running to the only store still open, 7-Eleven, and purchasing the dreaded fruit cake or whatever that was. You remember driving home like a mad hatter, dashing to the box of wrapping paper and creating a masterpiece of deception! “Oh my, this present is so beautiful, the paper, the bows and ribbons; simply stunning! I just can’t open it now!”

Diversion tactic number 2: The Yankee Swap. The invitation said up to twenty dollars, but your budget says up to seven dollars and twenty-eight cents. What are you going to do? You deploy the “Aunt Ethel.” Wrap your present in the finest most enticing paper you have. Ooh! Look at that gorgeous foil paper, and that satin ribbon makes it look extravagant! At the party that gorgeous presents gets picked first. Great!!! As all the other presents get unwrapped everyone has conveniently forgotten all about the chinchy can of mixed-nuts. Don’t you just love wrapping paper?

Our next tip is for the re-gifters. When resorting to the fine art of re-gifting it is imperative to not, I repeat NOT, make the present look enticing. You will want to use that cheap, almost see through paper you bought on clearance that looked like a good deal. Then, take a used bow, YES USED, and attach it to the center with tape, and make sure the tape shows. Next, have your youngest child, (if you don’t have one borrow a neighbors) address a sticky label. Allow the child to place it anywhere on the present they want. This way if the re-gift gets noticed, you can blame it on the kids or in some cases the neighbor’s kids. Viola! Re-gifted like a pro.

Puzzlers as you can see by these examples, wrapping papers are a must for all your holiday festivities.

Happy Puzzling!

Internet Shopping Safety Tips

Hi Puzzlers,

Black Friday is upon us! Let the shopping begin! Below is a list of our annual internet shopping safety-tips. Please take a look at them to refresh your memory. Your safety is important to us.

Trust your instincts - If you have a funny feeling about the site check it out before placing the order. If an offer sounds too good to be true, it probably is a scam.

Find out what other shoppers say. Several sites like Epinions.com or BizRate have customer evaluations which can help you determine a company's legitimacy.

Protect your PC - Make sure your personal computer has recent updates installed for Spam filters, anti-virus and anti-spy software, and a secure firewall.

Trusted Websites - Shoppers should know whom they are dealing with. Confirm the online seller’s physical address and phone number. Anyone can set up an online store under any name. Do not respond to the pop-up asking for personal or financial information. Real companies would not ask for this type of information via emails and pop-ups (phising). Check for security seals, such as the tiny padlock icon and the http (URL) has an “s” in it. The https:// stands for secure.

Keep your Web browser updated - “Internet Explorer 9 provides another layer of protection with Web sites that use Extended Validation (EV) Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificates. The address bar turns green and has both https and the closed padlock. An EV SSL certificate not only helps ensure that communication with a Web site is secure, but it also includes information about the legitimacy of the Web site, which has been confirmed by the Certification Authority (CA) issuing the SSL Certificate.”

Don’t shop using Wi-Fi - When using Wi-Fi at a coffee shop, hotel, airport, or restaurant, you are making yourself vulnerable to identity theft. Your iPhone, Blackberry, Smartphone and laptop can easily be hacked on a free or paid public Wi-Fi spot.

Pay by credit or charge card - By using a credit or charge card you are protected by the Fair Credit Billing Act. This law gives you the right to dispute charges and temporarily withhold payment while the credit card company investigates your claims. Never use your debit card, as you have no rights protecting you from fraud or theft. Try to use just one credit card for all your purchases; this will make it easier to spot fraudulent charges.

Insure the safe delivery of your item - If you’re concerned about the safety of your package if there’s no one home to receive it, request it be sent with a signature required. Or, it may be safer to have the package delivered to your office.

Refund Policies and Delivery Dates -Make sure you know if you can return the item for a full refund and who pays the shipping for the return. Is the refund for a store credit or cash refund? Know when you should expect delivery of your item.

Print & Save - Keep documentation of your order. If confirmation was sent by email, keep the email and save any and all correspondence with the retailer.

Happy Puzzling!

Divas

Hi Puzzlers,

I have been noticing the term Diva everywhere. Sometimes the term is used as a good reference and increasingly it is not. To be truthful the negative references got my feministic side going. Why, oh why, does a woman always seem to have a name associated with a behavior? Do we call tantrum throwing men Divo’s? I didn’t even have to make that word up! Divo, in Italian, is the male version of diva. It refers to prominent male tenors. Oh, wait! I have inspired myself! Divo’s can be the title of our next all male entertainer puzzle!!! Ah, venting. It gets the creativity going! Now back to our topic…

A diva by today’s definition is a famous female singer and or actress. The term is used to describe a woman of outstanding talent in the world of opera, theatre, cinema and popular music. The meaning of diva is closely related to that of "prima donna". Prima donna is also Italian for “first lady” or a leading lady that gets all the best parts.

The earliest references of divas were found in popular English literature dating back before 1505. During the 1880s most of the popular operatic prima donnas would have been considered divas. These women clearly had some serious singing skills and talent to be held in such high regard. Some of the most famous operatic divas include: Maria Callas, Nellie Melba, Renee Fleming, Leotyne Price, and Joan Sutherland. It amazes me to think the term diva originated in opera. Most people today would not even think to consider an opera star a diva.

As time passed the term began to include other musical genres. A diva receives admiration not only for their talent but for their performances, looks, style and grace. Diva experts say, “Some people associate large amounts of artistic talent with short tempers and difficult personalities, and this probably explains why the word “diva” is used to describe women who are difficult to deal with. Many actual divas are in fact known for their gentle, generous, courteous personalities, as these women are far too busy with their professional careers to be petty or hard to handle.”

And so, as my Mother always says, “If you can’t say something nice, don’t say anything at all.” Or, was that stick and stones may break my bones…?

Happy Puzzling!

Sunday Comics

Hi Puzzlers,

Don’t you just love Sundays? It is a day when you can lounge around in your pajamas, have a second cup of coffee and leisurely read the Sunday paper. Ah! It's like a little piece of paradise. The first thing I do is pull out all the coupons then I head to the comic page(s). I like starting my Sunday on a happy note not stressed out by the happenings of the world. And, it appears people have been doing this very same thing since the inception of the comic strip.

The first American comic strip was created at the end of the nineteenth century as a way to increase sales of the Sunday paper. In 1895, staff illustrator Richard Felton Outcault created a one panel cartoon called "Down Hogan's Alley" for the newspaper called "The World".

The cartoon featured a buck-toothed, big-eared, bald boy dressed in an oversized frock usually worn by peasants. Within weeks of his first appearance the color yellow would be added to his smock and the character would soon be known as the “Yellow Kid”.

Journal America also had a one panel cartoon created by James Swinnerton called the "Little Bears". This panel would soon add kids and tigers to the strip. The strip would eventually morph into the extremely popular “Mr. Jack”, which featured a philandering tiger bachelor.

The first multi-panel comic strip appeared on December 12, 1897, it was created by Journal American’s Rudolph Dirk. The "Katzenjammer Kids" were the first comics to use a “word balloon” to indicate the speaker. “The Katzenjammers combined both the aspect of internal dialogue and panelized continuity, and in the process designed and solidified the form of the modern visual narrative strip.”

An astounding 150 comic strips were in syndication by the early 1900s. Comic strips of this time consisted only of single episode-humorous strips, no political satire or storyline. It would take almost thirty years before comics strips would make references and build a story lines based on the previous day’s strip.

It's so amazing to think about how a simple thing like a word balloon can add so much life and personality to a drawing that it becomes your Sunday morning coffee friend. You know the one you have to check in with once a week to see what they are up to.

Happy Puzzling!

The Old Farmer's Almanac

Hi Puzzlers,

Today I would like to tell you about America’s oldest continuously published annual, The Old Farmer’s Almanac. Now, I’m not what you would call an “Almanacian”, okay I made that word up, but what I meant to say is I am not well versed on almanacs, other than knowing it is a book that can predict the weather months in advance. And, I do confess to once using it for planning an outdoor event under a tent that had to have great weather. It worked for me! The weather was perfect as predicted.

The first issue of The Old Farmer’s Almanac was published in 1792 under the watchful eye of its editor, Robert B. Thomas. It became an instant success, out selling several other almanacs published that same year. By the second year, The Old Farmer’s Almanac circulation had tripled from 3,000 to 9,000.

“An almanac, by definition, records and predicts astronomical events (the rising and setting of the Sun, for instance), tides, weather, and other phenomena with respect to time. So what made The Old Farmer's Almanac different from the others? Since his format wasn't novel, we can only surmise that Thomas's astronomical and weather predictions were more accurate, the advice more useful, and the features more entertaining.”

Thomas would predict the weather with an astounding 80% accuracy. He devised a secret formula made from observations of natural cycles. His secret formula is still used today and is safely stored in a protective black tin box in Dublin, New Hampshire, home of the Almanac’s offices.

The Old Farmer’s Almanac was so revered and trusted that it was once used by a young lawyer named Abraham Lincoln to clear a man of murder. The witness claimed to have seen the man by moon light, but according to the almanac there was no moon that night.

The almanac almost became the laughing stock of the community in 1816. The months of January and February were inadvertently transposed with the months of July and August, thus calling for SNOW that summer. When the error was discovered Thomas scrambled to destroy all copies of the almanac but could not. Little did Thomas know that the super-colossal eruption of Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa Indonesia in April of 1815 would cause temperatures globally to drop 3-4 degrees. This decrease in temperature would make the year of 1816 a year without a summer. And, it did snow in July and August saving the reputation of The Old Farmer’s Almanac. WOW! Divine intervention at its best!

Happy Puzzling!

Nostalgic Ads

Hi Puzzlers,

Have you seen our new 2012 catalog? It is filled with all our latest and greatest puzzles including over SIXTY new titles! Yes, that little factoid impresses me too. We want to keep you puzzling and that is why we are committed to finding the best images out there. As I was thumbing through the catalog, as I often do, I noticed a trend beginning; several of our current and yet to be released puzzles were about nostalgic advertising.

Just look at the Candy Wrappers or Cheers puzzles, both are filled with our favorite brand labels. Some of which are so recognizable that if the text were removed you would still be able to identify the product. Here is a quick test: What is the chocolate covered peanut butter cups called? What beer prominently features a famous American patriot who was also a brewer? If you guessed Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups and Sam Adams you are correct. Next in our wonderful line is the Yankee Magazine puzzle and our vintage collage of WWII posters puzzle complete with our favorite riveter “Rosie.” I’m hooked! I love them all!

And that my fellow puzzler is just what the advertisers wanted me to do. Find their product, idea or service and buy it!

Advertising dates back to antiquity. Ancient Egyptians used papyrus to make wall posters and flyers, while the ancient Greeks and Romans posted papyruses of Lost and Found advertisements. “Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia.”

During the Middle Ages most of the general population could not read, thus signs would have images associated with the service or craft instead of being written. Take for instance a cobbler, his sign would be a boot; the tailor would have a suit; and the blacksmith a horse shoe. To assist people in locating the whereabouts of the fruit and vegetable carts, propitiators would use street callers, AKA town criers, to advertise their location in the city square. This still happens today at stadiums and ballparks around the globe. Hot dogs! Hot dogs! Get your hot dogs here!

By the 17th century the need for education and reading became more apparent and advancements in printing allowed advertisers to produce the first handbills. “However, false advertising and so-called "quack" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content."

“In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles."

The intentional side effect of all this advertising is the nostalgia associated with old ads and the products, ideas or service. Just one look at an ad that ran when I was a kid brings me back to my childhood and memories of that time. Ah, memories and puzzling, can it get any better?

Happy Puzzling!

Halloween Part II

Hi Puzzlers,

Today we will take a look at some of the most popular superstitions and traditions associated with Halloween. I was shocked and amazed to see how many there are. It turns out that many of our common everyday "superstitions" are directly related to our ancestors and what they believed happened on Halloween.

The “Trick or Treat” saying originated in Celtic times. During this time it was common belief that mischievous fairies would dress as beggars and go door-to-door asking for food. If one was kind and generous the fairies would bestow fine rewards, but if one was stingy and refused, then the fairies would subject them to all sorts of pranks and acts of trickery.

The much loved Jack - O’-Lantern began as part of the Samhain celebration. Families would bring home hot embers from the communal fires in hollowed out turnips. Too funny, Jack-O’ Lanterns began as Turnip- O’-Lanterns! Marc, who works in our warehouse, shared with me the Irish tale of “Stingy Jack”. He told me his Gram would tell him the tale every Halloween. How cool is that! Your Gram telling you old Irish tales and folklore every year, PRICELESS!

Stingy Jack, a cheapskate as the name implies, liked to play tricks on everyone, including the Devil. One day Jack tricks Satan into climbing up an apple tree and then cuts crosses around the trunk to trap him. Jack then forces the Devil to promise to never take his soul. Once Satan agrees Jack removes the crosses from the tree and frees him. When Jack finally dies he is refused entrance in to Heaven because he has led a miserable and worthless life on earth. With nowhere else to go Jack heads down to Hell, but, in keeping with their agreement the Devil also refuses him entrance. “As Jack left the gates of Hell the devil threw him a hot ember to light the way in the dark. Jack placed the ember in a hollowed-out turnip and wandered off into the world.”

Next, it is on to the mystery of the BLACK CAT!!! During the Middle Ages when witch hysteria struck Europe, dread of cats, especially black cats rose. It was common belief that a black cat was a WITCH! Witches were thought to have transformed themselves into cats so they could prowl the city streets undetected. So if on crosses your path you are in for some bad luck.

Puzzlers, I don’t know about you but I’m getting the salt shaker out and throwing a pinch of salt over my left shoulder. One can never be too safe!

Happy Puzzling!

Halloween

Hi Puzzlers,

It is getting closer to one of my favorite holidays, Halloween. My front porch and yard have been decorated with all the traditional autumn favorites, as well as with, cute versions of spooky creatures like witches, ghosts, spiders and a stuffed Dracula. He looks like the Count from Sesame Street, very cute and friendly. With all my electronic decorations I need my own small power plant to keep them running. This fun holiday has been celebrated for centuries and has a rich history.

It is believed that the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, enunciated “sow-in” is where Halloween originated. This three-day festival, which was held annually, began on October 31st. It marked the end of the harvest and ushered in the beginning of winter. It was commonly believed that during this magical time, ghost, fairies, demons and the spirits of the dead were free to mingle with the living and travel into the under world.

Druid Priests would meet on hilltops and light fires into which they offered sacrifices of animals and crops to appease the gods. In the morning the priest would take a hot ember to each family who would then start a new cooking fire. These embers/fires kept the home warm and evil spirits out.

Villagers also lit bonfires and sacrificed animals, fruits and vegetables, to honor the dead and to assist them with their travel to the underworld. The fires also served to keep the spirits away from the living. “Many people would parade in costumes made from the skins and heads of animals representing various gods of nature.”

Some speculate that All Saints Day, a Catholic holiday normally celebrated on May 13th, was moved by Pope Gregory III to November 1st in 835A.D, as an attempt to take over the pagan holiday. Traditional animal costumes used to chase spirits away were banished and villagers were encouraged to honor deceased saints by dressing up as them. So this is how costumes became a part of Halloween, one mystery solved!

In our next blog we will look at all the superstitions and traditions associated with Halloween.

Happy Puzzling!

Oktoberfest Cheers!

Hi Puzzlers,

It’s October! This month associated is with the world’s most famous beer bash, Oktoberfest! The beer festival is held annually in Munich, Bavaria and Germany. It runs from late September to the first weekend in October and is one of the most famous events in Germany. It is also the world's largest fair, with more than 5 million people attending each year. Today Oktoberfest isn’t just for Germans; it is celebrated in different towns and cities across the globe.

Bavaria’s Crown Prince Ludwig held the first festival in Munich. The festival was actually a celebration of Ludwig’s marriage to Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen on October 12, 1810. The prince wanted the citizen of Munich to attend the festivities and help celebrate his marriage. WOW! This guy would have surely gotten my vote. The celebration was held on the fields in front of the city gate. After the first celebration the fields were renamed Theresienwiese ("Theresa's meadow") in honor of the Crown Princess. Today the locals have further abbreviated the name to "Wies'n".

Prince Ludwig an avid historian, modeled the reception after the ancient Olympic Games. Sporting events of all kinds took place throughout the day and a horse race in the presence of the royal family marked the finale. The horse race soon became the most popular event and in 1811 the first Agricultural Show was added as a way to improve Bavarian agriculture. Sadly, horse racing ended in 1960.

The first carousel and swings were set up in 1818, and in 1881 the city council approved the sale of beer and and the first grilled chicken stand. These small beer stands allowed visitors to quench their thirst and quickly became very popular. With the backing of breweries, landlords set up the first beer tents and halls in 1896.

“Since 1850, the statue of Bavaria has watched the Oktoberfest. This worldly Bavarian patron was first sketched by Leo von Klenze in a classic style and Ludwig Michael Schwanthaler romanticised and "Germanised" the draft. The statue was constructed by Johann Baptist Stiglmaier and Ferdinand von Miller.”

So what does one wear to the world’s biggest party? Well anything goes, but if you want to attend with local flair, guys are going to need to sport a pair of Lederhosen leather shorts and the gals needs to wear the traditional Dirndl dress. Drindles ,when worn properly let others know the wearer’s availability. A bow on the right above the apron means she is taken if it is on the left she is available. Ahh! Courtship made easy! Love it!

Oktoberfest celebrated its 200th birthday in 2010! This event is certainly on my bucket list how about you?

Happy Puzzling!

Quilting

Hi Puzzlers,

Does your family have a quilt that has been past down from generation to generation? My family has one that was made by my great-great-grandmother. It is made from square patches of brightly colored corduroy and has a solid blue backing. I have never weighed the quilt but it feels like it weighs 20 plus pounds. I can picture my great-great-grandmother sitting by the fire in her cabin quilting away. For many Americans this is the image that comes to mind when we think about quilting.

Unfortunately this image is a myth. Most colonial woman were so busy with sewing, spinning, food preservation, cooking, cleaning and caring for their large families they didn’t have time to quilt. Besides even the image of quilting by a fire is wrong. Fine quilting requires adequate lighting; colonial cabins were very dimly lit. There is however an exception, woman of wealthy families who could afford household help, would often have free time to work on decorative quilting. Very few examples of the average colonial quilt have survived. Those that have are generally fine quilts that were used by wealthy families for special occasions.

The most common colonial bed coverings were bed rugs and blankets. Bed rugs could be manufactured or handmade and coarse manufactured blankets were very affordable. Yes, that little factoid surprised me too! Early colonists were so frugal that there were very few “scraps” of fabric left to be used for quilting. It wouldn’t be until the 1840s, when the textile industries had grown enough, that fabric would be readily available.

The quilting by the fire myth got reinforcement in the 1920s and 1930s with the revival of interest in everything colonial. “Manufacturers and magazines took advantage of this fad by promoting as "Colonial Quilts" quilts that were actually made in the mid nineteenth-century.”

Wow! Another great fanciful image shot down. Oh well, I still love the fact that my great-great-grandmother made the quilt!

Happy Puzzling!

Flags of the World

Hi Puzzlers,

As I made my way to work today I kept noticing flags. Flags at the post office, flags flying high on the school flagpole, our company's “open” flag hanging in front of our store entrance. Once inside the office building I made my way to my desk only to find our Flags of the World puzzle had been left there. I began to wonder what was in my morning coffee? Why all the flags? Are the powers that be inspiring me to do a post on flags? All this nudging has certainly peaked my flag interest. How about you?

For over 4000 years people from all corners of the globe have been using flags. They are even study scientifically. Vexillology is the scientific term; it comes from the Latin word vexilloid which means, “guide”. Ancient vexilloid were made of wood or metal polls with carvings on top. Two thousand years later people started adding fabric and decorative metal to the tops. These ancient vexilloids closely resemble the flags of today.

Flags are generally used to give others information. Medieval Knights dressed head to toe in armor would use flags to identify themselves; this enabled fellow soldiers to see if they were friend or foe on the battlefield. Every country in the world has a flag and as the governments change so do the flags.

Designing a flag is no easy task. The message and information has to be understood without using many pictures or any words. Each flag color has a special meaning: Red - danger, revolution, bloodshed of war, courage, power: White - peace, surrender, truce: Orange - courage, sacrifice: Green - safety, land, youth, hope: Yellow - caution, gold: Black - mourning, death.

Also, there are five basic principles of flag design: 1) Keep it simple - so simple that it can be drawn from memory: 2) Meaningful Symbolism - colors, images, or patterns need to relate to flags symbology: 3) Basic Colors - Limit the number on the flag to three contrasting colors: 4) No Lettering or Seals: 5) Be Distinctive.

“Today the American flag consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, seven red alternating with 6 white. The stripes represent the original 13 colonies; the stars represent the 50 states of the Union. The colors of the flag are symbolic as well: Red symbolizes Hardiness and Valor, White symbolizes Purity and Innocence and Blue represents Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice.”

I think what I have learned most in my quick study of Vexillology is to make every little thing I do or say count and mean something…just like a flag.

Happy Puzzling!